List of apex predators

This is a partial list of apex predators—those predators that are not preyed upon as healthy adults in the wild. Full scavengers (e.g. most vultures), although they may not be preyed on either, are not counted as apex predators unless they at least partially depend on capturing live prey. Many species listed here are only Apex predators within certain environments, e.g. Coyotes are only apex predators when larger predators such as the Gray Wolf or the Brown Bear are absent.

Contents

Extant predators

These living carnivores or omnivores are apex predators.

On land

In the air

In aquatic environments

Notes: Animals with an asterisk (*) are only apex predators as introduced species.

Extinct predators that were likely apex predators

These extinct carnivores or omnivores were apex predators.

References

  1. ^ http://www.kidsgowild.com/kidsgowild/animalfacts/87891/87905
  2. ^ Bargagli, Roberto (2004). Antarctic Ecosystems. Springer. pp. 282–287. ISBN 3-540-22091-7. 
  3. ^ "ELECTROPHORUS ELECTRICUS". http://helium.vancouver.wsu.edu/~ingalls/eels/index.html 
  4. ^ DeMartini, Edward E., Friedlander, Alan M., and Holzwarth, Stephani R. (2005). "Size at sex change in protogynous labroids, prey body size distributions, and apex predator densities at NW Hawaiian atolls". Marine ecology progress series 297: 259 -271. ISSN: 0171-8630. Retrieved on 2006-12-21.
  5. ^ a b Lepak, Jesse M., Kraft, Clifford E., and Weidel, Brian C. (2006). "Rapid Food Web Recovery in Response to Removal of an Introduced Apex Predator". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63(3): 569-575. ISSN: 0706-652X. Retrieved on 2006-12-13.
  6. ^ Kuhn, Carey E., McDonald, Birgitte I., Shaffer, Scott A., Barnes, Julie, Crocker, Daniel E., Burns, Jennifer, and Costa, Daniel P. (2006). "Diving physiology and winter foraging behavior of a juvenile leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)". Polar Biology 29(4): 303-307. ISSN: 0722-4060. Retrieved on 2006-12-21.
  7. ^ Levner, Eugene; Linkov, Igor; Proth, Jean-Marie (2005). Strategic Management of Marine Ecosystems. Springer. p. 41. ISBN 1-402-03158-0. 
  8. ^ Conrad, Norman (2000). Reading the Entrails: An Alberta Ecohistory. University of Calgary Press. p. 9. ISBN 1-552-38012-2. 
  9. ^ "Rare & Extinct Creatures: Warrah or Falkland Islands Wolf". The Messybeast. http://www.messybeast.com/extinct/warrah.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-29. 
  10. ^ Prehistoric Predators - Monster Shark (TV-Series). National Geographic. 2007. http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/prehistoric-predators/3573/Overview.